PUBLICATIONS
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2022 JGR Solid Earth
Experimental multiblast craters and ejecta
Ingo Sonder and Alison Graettinger led a large community experiment at University of Buffalo where shallow dynamite explosions were used to mimic volcanic blasts. Kenny Befus assisted with drone data collection and photogrammetry.
2022 Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Thermal and Seismic precursors to the explosive eruption at La Soufriere Volcano, St. Vincent in April 2021
Geostationary thermal infrared data was combined with ground-based seismic monitoring to understand the build up and eruption of La Soufriere Volcano. James Thompson concluded that combined analyses will improve the community's evaluation of volcanic eruptions
2021 Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
Composition of the sub-cratonic mantle of the Guiana Shield inferred from diamond-hosted inclusions
Diamonds entrap mantle inclusions and shield them from alteration. Diamonds from Guyana provide a window into the subcratonic mantle below northern South America. Roy Bassoo showed the harzburgite cratonic root is dry, viscous, old, and reduced.
2021 Frontiers in Earth Science
Implications of multiple disequilibrium textures in quartz-hosted embayments
Anna Ruefer characterized the external morphology and vesicularity of thousands of quartz-hosted rhyolite embayments. Forms and textures vary widely within and across targeted eruptions. We speculated that the diverse embayment textures preserve disequilibrium stories that can be used to better understand magmatic processes.
2021 American Mineralogist
Deciphering the enigmatic origin of Guyana's diamonds
Guyana's alluvial diamonds have been mined from rivers deep in the Amazon jungle for the past century but they had never previously been studied. PhD student Roy Bassoo used diamond texture and composition to demonstrate they are likely detrital in origin, shed from the Paleoproterozoic Roraima Supergroup.
2020 Science Advances
Volcanic origin for the Younger Dryas geochemical anomalies ca. 12,900 cal B.P.
Osmium isotopes and Platinum Group elements spike in 5 sediment layers in Hall's Cave, Texas. One spike is at the same time as the start of the Younger Dryas cooling event. We show that the prevailing hypothesis of an extraterrestrial impactor is wrong. Instead, cryptotephra from distant volcanic eruptions are a much more likely explanation for the unradiogenic signature in the spikes in the sediments.
Associated products: Altimetric Stats, This picked up a lot of Press (Example)
2020 Gems and Gemology
Finders, Keepers: Field trip to Crater of Diamonds, USA
PhD student Roy Bassoo describes diamond characteristics from specimens collected at Crater of Diamonds, Arkansas. Roy uses a field trip narrative to share the science, which includes morphology, inclusion composition, and mantle conditions.
2020 Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
Hydrogen isotope composition of a large silicic magma reservoir preserved in quartz-hosted glass inclusions of the Bishop Tuff plinian eruption
We measured the abundance of hydrogen isotopes in melt inclusion glasses trapped within quartz phenocrysts from the Bishop Tuff. The hydrogen isotope ratios range from -40 to -60 per mil. These values are not modified by degassing, AFC processes, or diffusion. Instead, the likely record the composition of the rhyolite reservoir.
2020 Journal of Structural Geology
Rheology of a coaxial shear zone in the Virginia Blue Ridge: wet quartzite dislocation creep at ~250-280 C
A Cambrian quartzite in the Blue Ridge mountains of Virginia record penetrative strain at subgreenschist facies. Quartz was dynamically recrystallized in a wet environment that averages 100 to 400 ppm, but ranges up to 2,000 ppm. Hydrolytic weakening permitted the high strain in such cold rocks.
2020 Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
Applications and limitations of elastic thermobarometry: insights from elastic modeling of inclusion-host pairs and example case studies
We present elastic thermobarometry using Raman spectroscopy to the petrology community. We provide good and bad case studies to transparently demonstrate the application of the technique. We also share a Matlab software that allows a potential user to explore any host-inclusion mineral pair.
2020 Journal of Volcanology & Geothermal Research
Rhyolite lava emplacement dynamics inferred from surface morphology
Master's student Tyler Leggett published his work using stunning drone imagery to better understand the emplacement dynamics of rhyolite lavas. We focused on the South Coulee lava flow in Mono Craters, CA. Ridge spacing and block size distributions were used to calculate flow criteria, including eruptive timescales, strain rates, and flow velocity.
Associated products: Panum video, NPR video on explosions
2020 Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
Supersaturation nucleation and growth of plagioclase: a numerical model
We share an experimentally-calibrated numerical model that simulates the growth of plagioclase in silicic magma. Our experiments provide kinetic constraints on plagioclase growth rate relative to the degree of disequilibrium in the system. The model allows a user to interrogate natural plagioclase populations.
2019 Geophysical Research Letters
X-ray micro diffraction measurements indicate that volcanic stresses are preserved in quartz crystals from Yellowstone and Long Valley caldera. The source of the <300 MPa of residual stress remains uncertain but may be produced by force chains in the magma reservoir or stresses associated with the brittle failure of viscous melt.
2019 GEOLOGY
Supereruption quartz crystals and the hollow reentrants
Quartz phenocrysts from the Lava Creek Tuff, Yellowstone caldera, contain empty reentrants. The reentrants are preserved vestiges of bubbles in the pre-eruptive chamber. They tell us the magma was bubbly in the reservoir.
2018 Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
Crystal nucleation and growth produced by continuous decompression...
We performed high temperature, continuous decompression experiments using a starting material of pumice from Pinatubo's climactic 1991 eruption. Plagioclase microlites nucleate and grow systematically in response to supersaturation-dependent disequilibrium.
2018 American Mineralogist
Feldspar Raman shift and application as a magmatic thermobarometer
We calibrate the pressure-dependent Raman shift of feldspars using a diamond anvil cell coupled with Raman spectroscopy. The calibration allows Raman spectroscopy of feldspars to be used to quantify PT conditions for magmatic rocks, low- to high-grade metamorphic rocks, and the mantle.
2017 Geology
Nonequilibrium degassing, regassing, and vapor fluxing in magmatic...
Obsidian pyroclasts from Mono Craters, CA contain heterogenous water and carbon dioxide contents. This indicates the clasts are assembled from welding of magma and ash during magma ascent.
2017 Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Formation of obsidian pyroclasts by sintering of ash particles....
We measured volatile contents and observed vesicle textures in obsidian pyroclasts from Mono Craters, CA. The pyroclasts formed following fragmentation through processes of sintering and relaxation.
2016 American Mineralogist
Nucleation rates of spherulites in natural rhyolitic lava
We use compositional gradients around spherulites in obsidians from Yellowstone caldera to estimate the temperature-time interval of spherulite crystallization. We also use X-ray computer tomography to measure spherulite size distributions.
2016 Geophysical Research Letters
Crystallization kinetics of rhyolitic melts using oxygen isotope ratios
Oxygen isotope ratios in quartz and alkali feldspar crystals in spherulites from Yellowstone caldera preserve fractionations indicating that spherulites nucleate at ~600 C and continue to grow until ~300 C.
2016 Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
Magma storage and evolution of recent eruptions from Yellowstone Caldera
We studied the pre-eruptive magmatic storage conditions of lavas from the Central Plateau Member Rhyolites, the most recent eruptions from Yellowstone caldera. Mineral compositions, melt inclusions, and high temperature experiments indicate the magmas were stored at ~750 C and <5 km depth.
2015 Bulletin of Volcanology
Ascent and emplacement dynamics of obsidian inferred from microlites
We measured microlite number densities and orientations in obsidian collected at lavas at Yellowstone Caldera and Mono Craters, CA. Microlites textures are not sensitive to emplacement, and instead must be controlled by conduit processes.
2015 Geology
Spherulites as in-situ recorders of thermal history in lava flows
Trace element profiles surrounding spherulites in rhyolitic obsidian preserve a record of their thermal history. Our results constrain spherulite growth to a temperature interval of 750 and 400 C, and demonstrate the host lava cooled at ~1 C per day.
2014 Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
Experimental constraints on rhyolite-MELTS and the Late Bishop Tuff
We performed high temperature phase equilibria experiments on the Late Bishop Tuff to evaluate the performance of rhyolite-MELTS. The rhyolite-MELTS software captures experimental results well above 110 MPa, but caution should be exercised at lower pressures.
2014 Bulletin of Volcanology
Pre-eruptive storage and eruption dynamics of Douglas Knob, Yellowstone
Douglas Knob is a small obsidian lava dome that erupted from Yellowstone Caldera. To better understand its magma storage and ascent processes, we analyzed mineral compositions, melt inclusions, and microlite orientations. We conclude it was stored at ~760 C and ~50 MPa. Microlites align in the conduit.
2014 Bulletin of Volcanology
Stable chlorine isotope behavior during degassing at Mono Craters, CA
We measured the Cl concentrations and Cl isotope compositions of obsidian pyroclasts and obsidian chips from lava domes. Neither measurement of Cl tracks degassing processes, which is likely caused by disequilibrium and slow Cl diffusion.
2012 Bulletin of Volcanology
Compositional gradients surrounding spherulites in obsidian...
In our first foray into spherulites, we use diffusion modeling of trace element gradients (water, F, and Rb) to estimate spherulite growth rates and lava cooling timescales. Spherulites from Tequila volcano in Mexico likely grew with a radial growth law below the glass transition temperature.
2012 American Mineralogist
Analyzing water contents in unexposed glass inclusions in quartz crystals
We performed an experimental FTIR study on quartz-hosted melt inclusions from the Tuff of Bluff Point, Yellowstone Caldera to determine if melt inclusions must be doubly exposed prior to analyses. We conclude that single exposure is bad, but unexposed inclusions can be reliable in a sufficiently large population.
2009 Journal of Volcanology & Geothermal Research
Nonexplosive and explosive magma/wet-sediment interaction... W. Texas
Eocene basaltic magmas were shallowly emplaced into unconsolidated mudstones in the Big Bend area of West Texas. These subvolcanic, phreatomagmatic interactions are preserved in outcrops, which demonstrate a wide array of explosive and nonexplosive processes.
2008 Journal of Volcanology & Geothermal Research
Cretaceous basaltic phreatomagmatic volcanism.. maar complex at Big Bend
We performed detailed field work on a complex succession of basaltic pyroclastic deposits from a sequence of overlapping phreatomagmatic maar volcanoes. The unit sits near the KT boundary in west Texas and has often been cited for age constraints for studies on dinosaurs and other fauna.